Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris Scientific name definitions

53–63 cm; male 1145–1816 g 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , female 1135–1823 g 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Head and neck mostly featherless, with bare skin blue to bluish white; characteristic horn-coloured bony casque and variety of mainly red facial appendages, with black filoplumes on hindneck; plumage mainly blackish grey, with white spots and vermiculations. Female similar to male, but averages smaller. Iris dark brown, maxilla brownish horn, mandible pale grey, and legs dark greyish to blackish 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Juvenile plumage generally dull dark brown with feathers tipped reddish cream; casque, wattles, etc. smaller; retains original down on head almost until adult plumage assumed (at c. 100 days) 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Races separated mainly by configuration of appendages on head and neck, including: density and extent of filoplumes on hindneck; form and colour of cere; shape, size and colour of wattles (varies from 3–9 mm in galeatus to 21–42 mm in reichenowi 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ); presence and form of cere bristles; size and shape of casque; and also breast colour. Race somaliensis differs from nominate in having very long cere bristles and hindneck plumes (confined to centre of neck) and more pointed, red-tipped blue wattles 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Race sabyi like nominate but has very pale bluish-white facial skin, long red wattles, very long and erect hindneck filoplumes (also confined to midline), violet-grey (rather than blackish) collar, and lacks cere bristles 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Race galeatus is like last, but is smaller (wing 240–268 mm versus 253–272 mm) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close and greyer, with smaller casque (3–9 mm versus 14–18 mm) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close and shorter filoplumes 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Race <em>reichenowi</em> recalls nominate race , but has tallest casque, bluish-white facial skin, long hindneck plumes, all-red wattles and vermiculated plumage 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Race mitratus like reichenowi but has smaller casque (11–28 mm) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , greyer facial skin and red-tipped blue wattles 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Race marungensis recalls last (and intergrades with it in parts of Zambia) 3 Dowsett, R. J., D. R. Aspinwall, and F. Dowsett-Lemaire (2008). The Birds of Zambia. Tauraco Press & Aves, Liège, Belgium. Close but is larger (wing 270–302 mm versus 263–287 mm) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close and has broader, yellow-ochre casque 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Race damarensis also like mitratus but has taller more angular casque (17–27 mm versus 11–28 mm in mitratus) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close and spotting over body and wings denser and larger 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Race <em>coronatus</em> also has tall casque (19–31 mm) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , but mantle is streaked (rather than barred) 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close .

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

Races have sometimes been divided into as many as four species, but geographical variation complex, and some intergradation occurs between adjacent forms 4 Madge, S.C. and McGowan, P. (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London. Close . Race papillosus previously referred to as damarensis, but former name has priority. More than 30 races described: traditional races marchei, callewaerti and blancoui now included in galeatus, as also are strasseni and bannermani (last two names assigned to stock introduced to Cape Verde Is); major, inermis, omoensis, macroceras, neumanni, toruensis, intermedius and uhehensis included in meleagris; ansorgei included in reichenowi; maximus, frommi, rikwae and bodalyae included in marungensis; mulondensis included in papillosus; and transvaalensis and limpopoensis included in coronatus. In E South Africa hybridization between local race coronatus and introduced domestic individuals (derived from W African subspecies galeatus) appears to exist, leading to potential outbreeding depression in wild population. Nine subspecies currently recognized.

• N. m. sabyi E. J. O. Hartert, 1919 – NW Morocco between R Oum er Rbia and R Sebou (possibly extinct). Race sabyi like nominate but has very pale bluish-white facial skin, long red wattles, very long and erect hindneck filoplumes (also confined to midline), violet-grey (rather than blackish) collar, and lacks cere bristles 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close .
• N. m. galeatus Pallas, 1767 – West African Guineafowl – W Africa E to S Chad and S to N Angola and DRCongo.
• N. m. meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758) – Helmeted Guineafowl – E Chad E to Ethiopia, and S to N DRCongo, Uganda and N Kenya.
• N. m. somaliensis Neumann, 1899 – E & S Ethiopia and W Somalia.
• N. m. reichenowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1894 – Reichenow's Guineafowl – Kenya S to C Tanzania.
• N. m. mitratus (Pallas, 1764) – Tufted Guineafowl – W & E Tanzania S to E Mozambique, and W through Zambia and Zimbabwe to NE Botswana and N South Africa; Zanzibar and Tumbatu I.
• N. m. marungensis Schalow, 1884 – S Congo Basin S to C & E Angola, and E in Zambezi Basin to N Zambia (Luangwa Valley).
• N. m. papillosus Reichenow, 1894 – S Angola to C Namibia and Botswana.
• N. m. coronatus Gurney, Sr, 1868 – E South Africa in Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal (where hybridization in the wild between domestic and wild birds occurs) and Eastern Cape, and Swaziland.

• N. m. sabyi E. J. O. Hartert, 1919 – NW Morocco between R Oum er Rbia and R Sebou (possibly extinct).
• N. m. galeatus Pallas, 1767 – West African Guineafowl – W Africa E to S Chad and S to N Angola and DRCongo.
• N. m. meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758) – Helmeted Guineafowl – E Chad E to Ethiopia, and S to N DRCongo, Uganda and N Kenya.
• N. m. somaliensis Neumann, 1899 – E & S Ethiopia and W Somalia.
• N. m. reichenowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1894 – Reichenow's Guineafowl – Kenya S to C Tanzania.
• N. m. mitratus (Pallas, 1764) – Tufted Guineafowl – W & E Tanzania S to E Mozambique, and W through Zambia and Zimbabwe to NE Botswana and N South Africa; Zanzibar and Tumbatu I.
• N. m. marungensis Schalow, 1884 – S Congo Basin S to C & E Angola, and E in Zambezi Basin to N Zambia (Luangwa Valley).
• N. m. papillosus Reichenow, 1894 – S Angola to C Namibia and Botswana.
• N. m. coronatus Gurney, Sr, 1868 – E South Africa in Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal (where hybridization in the wild between domestic and wild birds occurs) and Eastern Cape, and Swaziland.

Introduced to many parts of world, e.g. Cape Verde Is (galeatus), Yemen (galeatus), SW Arabia, Madagascar, Rodrigues I and the Comoro Is (mitratus), Western Cape (coronatus), also West Indies, apparently (sabyi) on Barbuda and parts of Australasia.

Wide variety of habitats mainly in open country, ranging from forest edge through savanna woodland to thorn scrub, cultivation, pine plantations 6 Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (2006). A Contribution to the Ornithology of Malawi. Tauraco Research Report 8. Tauraco Press, Liège, Belgium. Close , steppe and subdesert; particularly common in savanna with areas of cultivation interspersed, but shuns extensively grazed areas 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Local distribution limited by availability of drinking water, and suitable roosting sites, normally in trees or bushes, as well as by diet, with old vegetable gardens 7 van Niekerk, J.H. (2013). Habitat preferences of Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris in the Krugersdorp Game Reserve, Gauteng province, South Africa. Ostrich. 84(2): 153–156. Close , maize fields, waste grain and fallow fields being important components of habitat in parts of South Africa 8 Ratcliffe, C.S. and Crowe, T.M. (2001). Habitat utilisation and home range size of helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) in the Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Biological Conservation. 98: 333–345. Close . Occurs from sea-level to above 3000 m. Often found in large numbers at waterholes .

Sedentary. Home range of flock varies in size with habitat and relative density of species: averages smaller (0·8–1·8 km²) in primary woodland, larger (7·6–21·2 km²) in upland secondary woodland in Nigeria, and increases from 11·4 ha in stable populations to 252·7 ha in near-extinct ones, in South Africa 8 Ratcliffe, C.S. and Crowe, T.M. (2001). Habitat utilisation and home range size of helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) in the Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Biological Conservation. 98: 333–345. Close . Extent of local movements seems to be closely linked with proximity of roosting sites to sources of drinking water.

Omnivorous. Plant food generally more important overall by volume, especially non-agricultural seeds (39% by volume in E & S Africa) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , but also sedge tubers (20%) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , bulbs, roots, berries, flowers; feeds in cultivation, especially on fallen grain (e.g. raw soybeans) 9 Ratcliffe, C.S., Gous, R.M., Swatson, H.K. and Crowe, T.M. (2002). The digestibility of raw and processed soybeans by Helmeted Guineafowl, Numida meleagris. Ostrich. 73(3–4): 135–137. Close , causing some local conflict with farmers (see Family Text). Invertebrates only constitute average c. 12% of annual total by volume, but are preferred food when sufficiently abundant; mainly insects, particularly grasshoppers and termites, but wide variety recorded; also takes snails, ticks, wireworms, millipedes, etc. Forages on ground scratching with feet ; also strips seeds from grass heads; ticks may be picked off backs of warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus). Seasonally recorded in large numbers, in flocks of 100+ 3 Dowsett, R. J., D. R. Aspinwall, and F. Dowsett-Lemaire (2008). The Birds of Zambia. Tauraco Press & Aves, Liège, Belgium. Close . Interchange and turnover in flocks seem rare and low, respectively 10 van Niekerk, J.H. (2009). Interflock movements in a population of Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris at the Krugersdorp Game Reserve, Gauteng province, South Africa. Ostrich. 80(3): 201–204. Close , while flock organisation is relatively complex: highest ranking male forms pivot for group’s daily activities and two highest ranking males associate closely to repulse conspecific intruders (agonistic interactions within flock are low), while breedmg females associate more often with high ranking males during breeding season, and second highest ranking male becomes flock leader while dominant male and female leave temporarily to breed and most adults will brood chicks of highest ranking male 11 van Niekerk, J.H. (2010). Social organization of a flock of Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) at the Krugersdorp Game Reserve, South Africa. Chinese Birds. 1(1): 22–29. Close .

Raucous, cackling calls which vary in intensity and length of delivery, e.g. nasal, staccato “kek-kek-kek-kek-kek-kek-kek...” including at roosts; flocks maintain contact with a metallic “chenk-chenk-chenk” and also a more plaintive and far-carrying “CHER-cheeng, CHER-cheeng...” 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Female gives far-carrying “ka-bak”, the first part nasal and clear, the latter part higher-pitched and rasping; male can respond with harsh grating note 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close .

Season almost always in or just after rains; mainly Sept–Jan 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close in S Africa and mainly Feb–Mar in Namibia 12 Tarboton, W. (2001). A Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. Close ; Dec–Apr in Malawi 6 Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (2006). A Contribution to the Ornithology of Malawi. Tauraco Research Report 8. Tauraco Press, Liège, Belgium. Close and Oct–May in Zambia 3 Dowsett, R. J., D. R. Aspinwall, and F. Dowsett-Lemaire (2008). The Birds of Zambia. Tauraco Press & Aves, Liège, Belgium. Close ; mostly May–Jul in W Africa; Mar–Dec in Uganda 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ; Jul–Sept in C Ethiopia 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ; Mar–May in Morocco; Sept–Oct on Cape Verde Is 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close . Monogamous, but pair-bond not maintained outside breeding season and birds are not truly territorial 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close ; in early part of season, male can attempt to mate with several different females. Nest is simple scrape in ground (20–32 cm wide by 5–8 cm deep) 12 Tarboton, W. (2001). A Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. Close , selected by female 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , lined with grass and feathers; usually situated in areas of long grass, and hidden under bush or tussock of grass, or in dense cover. Normally 6–12 eggs, laid on successive days; nests with large numbers of eggs (20–50) are probably always result of laying by more than one female; replacement laying not recorded. Eggs usually yellowish to pale brown with darker specking, but sometimes almost white; 44–58 mm × 35·5–42·5 mm 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , c. 39 g 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close . Incubation, starting when clutch complete, 24–30 days 12 Tarboton, W. (2001). A Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. Close , by female only (though both sexes reported to incubate in captivity) 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , but male broods chicks for 80% of time during first two weeks after hatching 2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ; hatching almost synchronous; chicks have down cinnamon-buff with dark streaks; can fly weakly at 14 days; fledging c. 4 weeks; chicks reach full adult weight by 30 weeks old and young female capable of breeding at 28–32 weeks 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close ; family groups join larger flocks when chicks 1–3 months old. Record of brood parasitism on Spur-winged Goose (Plectropterus gambensis) 13 Krakauer, A. H., and R. T. Kimball (2009). Interspecific brood parasitism in galliform birds. Ibis 151(2):373–381. Close . Chick mortality generally rather high, especially if weather is wet/cold 1 Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith, Editors (1986). The Birds of Africa. Volume 2. Academic Press, London, UK. Close , and high mortality of fledglings in their first year of life has been reported in South Africa 10 van Niekerk, J.H. (2009). Interflock movements in a population of Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris at the Krugersdorp Game Reserve, Gauteng province, South Africa. Ostrich. 80(3): 201–204. Close . Estimated annual adult survival c. 48% 14 Collingham, Y. C., B. Huntley, R. Altwegg, P. Barnard, O. S. Beveridge, R. D. Gregory, L. R. Mason, H. D. Oschadleus, R. E. Simmons, S. G. Willis, and R. E. Green (2014). Prediction of mean adult survival rates of southern African birds from demographic and ecological covariates. Ibis 156(4):741–754. Close . Probably single-brooded.

Not globally threatened (Least Concern). Mace Lande: Safe; race sabyi possibly Endangered. Total population probably numbers well over 1,000,000 birds; widespread and locally abundant; generally stable although local declines reported in S Africa (especially in E Cape and Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal) (15 Walker, A.L., Bowie, R.C.K., Ratcliffe, C.S. and Crowe, T.M. (2004). Fowl play: identification and management of hybridisation between wild and domestic Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) in South Africa. Ostrich. 75(4): 195–198. Close ) due to increasing and intensifying agriculture (2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ), illegal hunting (15 Walker, A.L., Bowie, R.C.K., Ratcliffe, C.S. and Crowe, T.M. (2004). Fowl play: identification and management of hybridisation between wild and domestic Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) in South Africa. Ostrich. 75(4): 195–198. Close ), as well as pesticides and disease (16 Ratcliffe, C.S. and Crowe, T.M. (1998). Decline of Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris in KwaZulu-Natal: habitat utilisation, agrochemicals and diseases. Ostrich. 69(3-4): 447-448. Close ); and roadside counts indicate slight declines in parts of W Africa (17 Thiollay, J.-M. (2006). The decline of raptors in West Africa: long-term assessment and the role of protected areas. Ibis. 148(2): 240–254. Close ). Furthermore, in KwaZulu-Natal, interbreeding between domestic guineafowl of the non-native race galeata with wild birds (race coronata) represents a threat to the genetic integrity of the indigenous guineafowl population, making it important that releases of domestic birds be carefully controlled (15 Walker, A.L., Bowie, R.C.K., Ratcliffe, C.S. and Crowe, T.M. (2004). Fowl play: identification and management of hybridisation between wild and domestic Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) in South Africa. Ostrich. 75(4): 195–198. Close ). Hunting also speculated to have forced the species to occupy suboptimal habitat in parts of Mozambique (18 Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (2010). Further ornithological exploration of Namuli and Mabu Mountains (northern Mozambique), and the urgent need to conserve their forests. Bulletin of the African Bird Club 17(2):159–177. Close ) and to have brought the species to the brink of extinction in S Mali (19 Dowsett-Lemaire, F., and R. J. Dowsett (2005). The avifauna of the dry evergreen forests of Mali. Malimbus 27:77–111. Close ). Most races common to abundant, but some are severely affected locally by hunting and egg collecting. However, because of wide habitat tolerance, species remains highly resilient; nevertheless, degradation of habitat, especially through use of pesticides, is major potential threat. Race sabyi may already be extinct; thought to number maximum 100 birds. Has undergone drastic decline for unknown causes; recently, only three records from 1970s, and no recent evidence of breeding. Formerly common in Forest of Mamora, whence no recent records; was also common on plateaux to S and SE, but now apparently confined to small area of Middle Atlas, if survives at all; thorough study needed, to establish current situation, and identify causes of decline, with a view to attempting to ensure survival of subspecies. Introduced populations well established on Cape Verde Is (probably from 1461) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), SW Saudi Arabia and W Yemen (where perhaps native and first mentioned in late 18th century, but now rather rare and in danger of extinction) (21 Jennings, M. C. (2010). Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Arabia. Fauna of Arabia 25. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Wildlife Commission and Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Frankfurt, Germany. Close ), the Comoros (c. 1843) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), Madagascar and on Hispaniola (prior to 1733) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), but other introduction attempts elsewhere in West Indies (e.g. Cuba , Puerto Rico and Virgin Is), Tenerife (Canary Is) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), Ascension (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), Ilha Trindade (Brazil) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), Annobón (Gulf of Guinea) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), Chagos Is (pre 1907) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), Japan (mid 19th century) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), New Zealand (19th century) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ), Queensland (Australia) and Hawaii (since 1874) (20 Lever, C. (2005). Naturalised Birds of the World. T. & A.D. Poyser, London, UK. Close ) have been less successful or even failed completely (2 Madge, S., and P. McGowan (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse, including Buttonquails, Sandgrouse and Allies. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Close ). Tiny population in S England (22 Holling, M., and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2011). Non-native breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2006, 2007 and 2008. British Birds 104(3):114–138. Close , 23 Holling, M. and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2014). Non-native breeding birds in the UK, 245459–11. British Birds. 107(3): 122–141. Close ). Also introduced into parts of E USA, sometimes specifically to control ticks (and Lyme disease) in suburban areas where use of pesticides inappropriate (24 Duffy, D.C., Downer, R. and Brinkley, C. (1992). The effectiveness of Helmeted Guineafowl in the control of the deer tick, the vector of Lyme disease. Wilson Bulletin. 104(2): 342–345. Close ).